Usage of dogs during war

Even in the earliest wars dogs were sentries, messengers and scouts. Later they brought ammunition, drugs and a phone cord, we determined the location of mines and found the wounded. During the First World War, the dogs wore masks.

Modern armies prefer to take on service dogs, bred in countries which they protect. In different armies are German shepherds, collies, Dobermans and Rottweilers. For this role does not come from a dog with a white color, because the enemy they are easier to see.

During the Second World War, serving in the German army consisted of 200 000 specially trained dogs, guarding Nazi concentration camps.

Americans used dogs during the seizure of the Japanese-held islands in the Pacific: dogs then neutralize snipers and searched for the wounded in the jungle. In the Soviet army dogs are trained there under the train cars. Then tied to their backs with a charge of TNT and produced them in the vicinity of the trains with ammunition of the enemy. A hungry dog habit ran to the car and blown up with him.

Rescue dogs

The first dog rescue (type Molossian dogs) appeared a few centuries ago and were used to find the wayward during a snowstorm. Over three hundred years, the dogs bred by the monks of the monastery of St. Bernard as a result of successful breeding of Newfoundland and a Great Dane, helped find of missing travelers. These dogs - St. Bernard - are often portrayed with a small keg of brandy around his neck.

St. Bernards have saved thousands of people. A story about one of them - named Barry - has become a legend. This St. Bernard rescued from snow and forty-four people were killed and forty-fifth, which in the darkness took him for a bear. Irony: "Barry" on one of the German dialect means "little bear". In Paris, Barry was a monument, and for many years, Saint Bernards also called barrihundami.

Nowadays, for rescue work after avalanches and earthquakes are most common for a German shepherd, it is easier to the most rigid training. In Water Rescue Newfoundland used, which can operate successfully even in the most violent storm at sea.

 

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Coprophagia (dogs eating their own poo)

This topic is possible and does not apply to training dogs, but since I deal with many questions on it, I spread article on this topic.

Coprophagia, or eating feces is fairly common deviation from the norm in the behavior of dogs. It is unclear why such behavior often seen in females than in males. More frequent manifestation of coprophagy in problem dogs, apparently, about byasnyaetsya inability of owners to control minor deviations in the behavior of their pets, as opposed to owners of dogs with normal behavior.

The problem of coprophagy devoted very little experimental research, and it is still poorly understood. Scientists have put forward the following possible explanations for the causes of this problem:

- It is possible that it is uncontrolled acts committed "because of boredom, that is torn from the context of functional swallowing feces of puppies females, which is programmed in the genetic code. The fact that such behavior most often seen in dogs that spend considerable time alone and are locked up, confirms this hypothesis.

- However, we can talk and behavior in order to attract attention, which is encouraging dog owners as well as pica. Because this behavior arouses disgust dog owners, many of them very sharply and quickly react to him, beckoning to an animal and trying to divert his attention to games or treat.

- Sometimes coprophagy is a reaction to the lack of any major component in the diet of dogs.

- In very young animals coprophagy can help "create the necessary intestinal flora or populations of beneficial microorganisms that promote digestion.

- Like the carrion food, coprophagy may be a manifestation of "an instinctive preference perishable food."

Eating the feces of hoofed animals, especially horses, saturated crude products of intestinal fermentation, which, apparently, can ensure the survival of dogs in the absence of meat is a natural form of behavior that can be "refocused" on animal faeces of other species, if not feces of ungulates.

Some scientists believe that dogs eat their own excrement, thus imitating the master, who moved them around, or attempt so to "destroy the evidence, because as a punishment for acts of uncleanliness in the house the dog poked his nose in the feces. But this view is highly controversial. Dogs do not imitate such a direct way to observable behaviors, and no expert on animal behavior is not recognized their abilities to human, calculating behavior.

If a dog eats its feces only if it leaves one locked in a long time, coprophagy can be cured. This process means excrement, the smell of a dog which is unpleasant, such as chili peppers. Thus, the dog can develop a conditioned reflex, aversive. Some experts recommend using a syringe to introduce in the feces of an acute dose of pepper sauce. In this case the dog did not immediately notice the traces of "treatment", as it happens when the excrement just sprinkle with pepper.

In some cases, quite a few to change the diet, and their own excrement no longer so much to attract the dog. It is necessary, firstly, to include in the ration of food, full of ballast substances and protein and low in carbohydrates, secondly, to complement the food preparation of iron, and thirdly, to add to their food for about one week of vegetable oil at 15 ml per 4.5 kg (the dosage is given in accordance with the recommendations Makkiouna and collaborators) and (or), and fourthly, to feed the dog several times a day in small portions, which, like the addition of food fiber, increase the sense of repletion and reduce appetite dogs. You can also add in the feed enzymes of the pancreas or meat emulsifiers, which will change the taste of excrement. In addition, the possible elaboration of a conditioned reflex, causing an aversion to excrement, by introducing them a syringe apomorphine, which after ingestion can cause nausea and vomiting. But this method is effective only if coprophagy apparent recently, and the dog has not learned that the droppings are "safe food". The literature also describes one case where the problem was solved changing diet dog, which resulted in the feces began to emerge in liquid form.

Whatever of these methods were not applied, you should always remember that in the case of uncontrolled action dogs, which demonstrated the inadequacy of the conditions of detention, deliver the animal discomfort, not only ethical, but also for practical reasons it is recommended to change those conditions. If the owner is forced to leave the dog alone, he should at least make sure that within a day someone looked into the house to spend some time with a dog and walk with her.


If the dog eats the feces while walking, you can try to respond as follows: firstly, to completely ignore such behavior, which may eventually lead to problems if the cause of coprophagy was unintentional encouragement of the owner, and secondly, each times sharply scold the dog, to achieve the success of many dog owners, or, thirdly, to experiment a little with the composition of the diet, if it can be assumed that the reason for the deviation is the lack of some component.

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Sheepdogs competitions

Training of shepherd dogs used with the simulation. This means that the puppy having shepherds instinct to "trust" an experienced shepherd dog, which for several months making him a real professional. In addition to the protection of sheep and cows, herding dog should be able to follow the geese, ducks and rabbits, without feeling the desire to satisfy his hunger at the expense of their wards.

In England, organized the competition for the herding dogs, in which four-legged shepherds must find ten sheep, located in eight hundred meters apart, and put them in a corral on one or more predetermined routes. If the dog is working in silence, skill, concentration and quick, she gets extra points. If it is too slow or seeking obedience sheep by biting them, the dog will be disqualified.

Each country has its own breed of herding bred dogs. But not all of them are now used for intended purposes. Some, such as the German and Belgian Shepherd and Norwegian buhund, these days are guard dogs. Others, such as Collies, Corgis and bobtail, steel decorative dogs.

 

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Shepherd dogs evolution

Since ancient times, the dogs were able not only to hunt. Among their most valuable instincts - the ability to guard. Since time immemorial, livestock provide nomadic peoples meat, skin, and also served to transport goods, and there has always been the danger of attacks on domestic animals of prey. The forests of Lebanon, Italy, the Nubian desert and plains of the Euphrates were full of dangerous wild animals. While some dogs have already engaged in hunting, while others were watching the herd, driving them from predators and strangers. Therefore, the first herding dogs were large bold animals that can withstand a bear or a wolf.

It is believed that herding dogs have appeared a few thousand years ago among the nomadic tribes of Asia. Then the Phoenician traders brought them to Europe, where these animals, crossed with local breeds, have given birth to many famous breeds of herding dogs today. The shepherds are most prized white-colored dogs: These dogs are better seen in the dark and, more importantly, they are easier to distinguish from the brown color of the wolf or bear, that is, the hunter could not accidentally kill his four-legged assistant. This explains the white color of the herding dogs, as kuvash, maremmoabrutstskaya Shepherd, Tatranska Shepherd, Pyrenean mountain dog and Bergamo shepherd dog.

The Romans spread of these dogs everywhere have been developed in animal husbandry, and each territory has developed its own special breed, adapted to a particular climate, terrain and nature of their work. For centuries, herding dogs were used exclusively to protect the flock from wolves and bears. And only in the last century, when the threat from wild animals began to weaken, herding dogs are trained to find and bring in a herd otbivshihsya animals.

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Standards of civilized life

The dog must be trained. This means that it should be taught rules of conduct in a civilized society people. Dogs should not stain the house, jump, or growl at the guests, to spoil the furniture should bark only when necessary, to get used to a leash, stay at home without the owners for several hours, and obey commands. During dog training should be remembered that the basis for successful learning - repetition.

Memorizing the lesson should help the two main elements: the rewards and punishments. The first may be stroking, a kind word, sometimes - biscuits. The penalty can be severe cry or slap on the back of the folded paper. The punishment should follow immediately (or within a short period of time) after the misconduct dogs. You can not blame the dog for a long time after the fault, since she did not understand what it is punished, and will be afraid of the owner.

Dogs pleased obedience. If the dog obeys, it means he wants it and will show how nice it fulfill the commands of the owner. True, there are dogs with a stubborn character.

Dogs may well find common language with the man, but do not always get along with other animals. There are dogs with congenital vicious character who experience anger in relation to the horses, geese, clockwork toys. Is therefore necessary to begin to train a dog as soon as possible. Puppies should be accustomed to contact with other animals, holding by the scruff, and if he starts to show aggression, iron until until he calms down. Adult dog to wean from the aggressiveness is much more complicated, since her character is already formed.

If all the dogs were well bred, in front of them would not have been so many prohibitions. By the presence of dogs on a visit or in stores are often viewed with suspicion. Often to blame for the owner who is not trained properly your pet. In England, dogs in general are well educated. Therefore, in some clubs and dogs allowed, but with children, who are known, are the most unruly creatures, is prohibited.

Raising a puppy should start as soon as he first crossed the threshold of the house, bearing in mind, however, that only in the age of three months, he begins to understand that slaps the folded newspaper is a punishment for what he napachkal a house, but did not ask for the street. Need to teach the dog to civilized behavior, prompting her to walk immediately after eating.

When the dog learn the basic skills of living in the house, she would always remember them and will apply all my life. Naturally, there are puppies with congenital education, which immediately perceive the lessons, and there are dogs that can be achieved by obedience to a long and arduous training.

Needness of dog training

Despite the fact that dogs have innate hunting instincts, they still need training. Training is best absorbed in age from six months to a year. However, at the age of three months puppies may accompany their mother on the hunt. Puppies seem such hunting game, but by imitating their parents, he learns all the habits of hunting dogs.

Instructors recommend the use of dogs always one and the same word and the same gesture for each team. Lessons dogs need to give short, having a game character, and repeat them to be as long as the dog does not learn the command, which is required of her. Never use coercion during their studies.

Education allows the hunting skills of dogs of various breeds to develop inherent in their instincts. However, not all hunter-lovers know that for each type of hunting, as well as for each locality has its own special breed. Crossing your dog with dog friends or acquaintances inappropriate, since the result can be obtained even though the general dog, but devoid of individuality and not able to specific types of hunting.

At the end of hunting season hunting dog should be for a few months to become a home. During this period the need to ensure that she lived in a dry and warm, not to overeat and regularly trained, and then the next season it will be able to quickly restore the desired shape.

Dogs for any hunting

After a brief review of the origin and the social role of dogs in human life we consider in more detail the mental and physical ability of dogs, in particular for hunting. Not all approvingly refer to this hobby, but we will not deal with this dispute. We note only that the man and the dog found a full understanding and even love it on the grounds of hunting. If there were no hunting, there would have been this connection that has lasted for many centuries.

There are many different ways to hunt wild animals. There are predatory and feathered, run fast and live in caves, fearful and aggressive, those who are hiding in shelters, and those who escaped. It is believed that the dog since ancient times has the same hunting instincts as a person. Biologically and genetically dog is better than other mammals, manageable. They are not only able to listen and learn, but each new generation of offspring and transmit their knowledge, and new physical possibilities. They can be compared with a piece of clay in the hands of the sculptor, gradually yielding material which imparts any form. The process of mental and physical formation of breeds of dogs has lasted for centuries.

Initially calling the dogs were hunting. They are instinctively able to find prey, raise it from the underbrush and put out to open space where the hunter is easier to shoot her. However, these abilities were not enough, and the dogs began to train and for other purposes. Thus, dogs were removed, making the stand with a prey. Obeying instinct and dog training, this dog becomes immobile as a statue, with a strained muscles to shiver, and one raised arm. This stance is a signal of the hunter, that mining is close in direction, which indicates elongated snout. Among the dogs with this ability can be called nark, Spaniels and Griffon, in England were put pointer and setter.

Man also taught the dogs to bring a wounded prey. This is necessary when a shot with an arrow (as in our days - bullet) the animal runs away and hides somewhere in a secluded spot. It is for this case and were withdrawn retrievers. These dogs can bring the extraction of water, bush or swamp.

Terriers also have the ability to chase prey from the burrow. Many forest and mountain animals (foxes, badgers, marten and ermine) live in burrows, hollow trees and in crevices between the stones. Ambitious and aggressive, short-legged terriers, have very sharp teeth, get into the refuge of these animals, take precedence over them in a terrible fight and kicked out of the hole.

At the time of the French monarchy, when hunting for foxes and deer became secular entertainment, differ luxury and magnificence, were derived such noble breed, like blue Gascon hound puatven and artesian hound. On the hunt out the whole pack of dogs, accompanied by huntsmen, beaters and horsemen.

During the reign of French King Charles the Great was established seventeen forests and about eight parks for breeding and training of the royal dogs. And the King Louis XI was such a passionate hunter and punctual man, for each class singled out his time of year: the war waged in the summer and winter, hunting for bear and deer - in the winter, hawking - in the spring. He is so fond of hunting, which, even when near death, no longer able to move, the last hours of his life, watching the dogs catch the mice in the royal bedroom.

Among the kings, mad lovers hunt, we should also mention I Knud the Great, King of Denmark and England. In 1016, he issued a decree according to which all dogs not belonging to the nobles and found in the royal hunting grounds, ought to smash their limbs.

The use of dogs for research purposes

It was estimated that the population of dogs in the world today has 120 to 150 million. In the United States is home to around 35 million dogs in France - 7-8, Germany - 5-6, Italy - 4, in Belgium - 1 million in Switzerland - 400 000 thousand. Not all of them easy to live. Many were thrown ungrateful masters or victims of inattentive drivers, and scientific experiments. Goethe, Schiller, Voltaire, Schopenhauer, Tolstoy, Mark Twain, Shaw and Malaparte, along with many other philosophers, scientists and journalists were in their work against such practices. In his books, Jerome K. Jerome, O'Henry, D'Annunzio, Ada Negri, Grazia Deledda, Thomas Mann, Jack London, Katherine Mansfild, John Steinbeck, Michael Zoshchenko and Eric Knight expressed his appreciation and love for dogs.

Despite the fact that public opinion is firmly set against experiments on animals, the goats annually to 100 million animals, 100 thousand of them - the dogs. Needed less ambiguous laws and closer monitoring of the experiments, implemented in the name of science.

WAR AND PEACE: different attitude to dogs

At the beginning of XX century, the dogs enjoyed enormous popularity. They were not only participants in the exhibitions, pets, army, guard, pastoral and hunting dogs: an image four-legged friends of man could be seen on talismans, toys, and various wood carvings, trading stamps, postcards and coats of arms. In this regard it should be noted that even in the middle ages pictures of hounds, greyhounds, mastiffs and great danes noble families put on their coats of arms. Dogs were the most important symbol in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance art - hunting and war.

At all times of the war led to the extermination of dogs: poverty and poverty make people forget about the fact that someone other than him, also need food. In 1871, during the siege of Paris by the Prussian army in the French capital was left not only dogs but also horses, cats, birds and mice. Similarly, already during the last two world wars, a large number of dogs died, lost their home or host. During the wars of the dogs are not only used in the army, but were friends of those who had the worst thing: soldiers on the front of prisoners. In 1943, during the retreat of Soviet forces soldiers accompanied the dog who did not want to leave those who shared with them the last.

First dog shows

 Over time, the attitude to dogs: they can be valued not just for hunting, but also visually appealing and physical endurance. It is in this direction and started working dog breeders, working with mind and heart. 

 

In 1859 in the building of the municipality of Newcastle-upon-Tyne was the first exhibition of dogs. Were represented only hunting species - only fifty-pointers and setters. Standards and genealogy in particular were taken into account is not, and breeders initially looked at the dog shows as the original sporting event without special rules. However, fourteen years later, on April 1, 1873, in London, was founded by English Kennel Club, began to collect a book of pedigrees, in which the recorded data on dogs of various breeds.

English example was followed by other countries. In 1884 was founded the American Kennel Club, and in 1898 - Italian. In the U.S., the first dog show was held in 1875 While a little over a hundred years ago, has participated in exhibitions all around fifty dogs, these days such events bring together up to 700 participants.

By the end of the last century, supporters of the English movement of pet-lovers have made some progress in regard to control over the mistreatment of dogs. In particular, they talked about surviving a completely useless practice cupping his ears. This operation was necessary only during the dog fights where the ear might be the most vulnerable place. In 1898 in England was banned cupping his ears, and none of the so mutilated dogs (even for aesthetic reasons) are not allowed at the exhibition. According to the regulations of the American Kennel Club, any dog whose ears were cropped or cut off, under no circumstances should not be allowed on any kind of competition was in the country where the law prohibits it, apart from those mentioned exceptions. 

Such surgical intervention provided by the standards of some rocks, but not all docked ear, but only its upper part. This operation must be carried out by a veterinarian when the dog reaches the age of three, which are usually formed cartilage.

DOGS AND ART

The number of breeds of dogs, especially hunting, grew. In the XVII century. France was the first place the number of breeds of hunting dogs. All the French kings loved to hunt and did so with a truly royal scale and luxury. It was at this time is the emergence of rock chien blanc du roi (royal white dogs), elegant, healthy, have no equal in the hunt in a pack. Through exchanges, trade and conflicts between various European states, these are noble and educated, beautiful and friendly animals who do not have an unrivaled loyalty, strength and intelligence, have become very popular. They were immortalized by the greatest artists who depicted them lying at the feet of the noble proprietors.

For several centuries artists put on his paintings of dogs, illustrating a person's love for these animals. The pictures of the Renaissance has many beautiful dogs. Among the famous artists who painted dogs were Durer, Botticelli, Piero della Francesca, Mantegna, Titian, Bosch, Brueghel the Elder, Rubens, Canaletto, Velasquez, Goya. The list is endless.

In poetry, theater and love for dogs has also found expression: it is enough to mention Lorenzo de 'Medici and Shakespeare.

In the XIX century. consolidation of democratic forces in England and the Revolution in France changed the lives of not only people but also dogs.

Gone huge pack of hounds, which kept the gentry, but the passion of people to hunt remained. Hunters of the middle class were content with one or two dogs, if only they were fast and had a good scent. The most prized dog, make a point in the form of production, so the British brought pointer breeders, breed, which became famous.

Effect of stress on dogs

Stress is one of the main causes of many human diseases. But is man? It turns out that animals are suffering from the negative impact of stress on the body no less people. This causes leading to the development of stress in pets, especially dogs similar to the causes of stress in humans.

One of the common causes of stress in dogs is the lack of communication with people like dogs. Many employers mistakenly believe that if the dog stayed outside for quite a long time, her health did not threaten, because she "walked". However, it is not. The dog must "walk" not one, but in good company four-legged friends, but in this case, it will have the opportunity to behave as it is prescribed by nature, and thus avoid the development of stress.

Stress caused by lack of communication can be two basic types. In the first case, a dog, usually adults, just bored with the result that she develops giperdinamiya, it becomes too mobile, begins to run circles and catch its own tail.

In the second case, the stress arises as a consequence of lack of communication in the puppy age. If the puppy is never in my life was not confronted with older dogs, then, upon becoming an adult, but not acquired the necessary skills to communicate with peers, he literally falls into a panic from any contact with the tribe.

In addition to the lack of communication to the development of stress in dogs is wrong behavior hosts connected with the fact that they load your pet is too big responsibility. In this case, is once again reminded that dogs are very similar to humans. And so, just like a man under stress in the event that its load beyond the strength of his work, the dog is experiencing stress, when it was forced to be a leader if the leader is by its nature can not be.

Kuzya any dog pack there is only one leader. The majority of the dogs - it is ordinary members of the pack. Owners also often want to just their pet became the winner of various exhibitions, that is, become a leader. But he can not. It can not, even if the shape of its tail and meets all standards but the psyche, the psyche does not match.

In dogs suffering from unbearable to them responsibility, often develop phobias. U.S. scientists have proved that the most common dog phobia, phobia of storms, strikes, usually purebred dogs, played exhibitions. As purebred dogs, living in a fun, suffer from phobias are many times less.

The result of the effects of stress on the dog's body is the same as on the human body: reduction of immunity, in violation of the internal organs, until the development of malignant tumors.

Proper feeding of dogs

Proper diet is very important to ensure that your dog was healthy, energetic and cheerful.
You probably noticed on the streets of stray dogs with dirty dull hair and bleary eyes. These are the first signs of improper diet, however, if these poor fellows to choose, as a rule, do not have to, then your dog should be sure to find a suitable food for the animal was provided with all necessary nutrients and vitamins.

Be sure to observe the mode of feeding the dogs, since some time feeding promotes better assimilation of food.

Many believe that if a dog - an animal carnivore, and its distant ancestor of the wolf is a predator that feed it exclusively to animal food. However, this view is not quite true: when wolves eat the animals and the meat absorb the contents of their stomachs, which is primarily digested vegetarian. Since wolves provide your body with all the necessary nutrients contained in plants.

In addition to the diet dog animal protein should be present vegetation. Now in stores have a huge selection of full feed, so you may like to feed your pet only them, and make recipes for feeding the dogs themselves.

Note that you should not feed the dog remains from his table: dishes with spices and pork rind sausage dog is not suitable. Be careful what you give dog bones bones: for its food fit only raw. Besides, you can not give the animal bones bird or rabbit, they are very easy to crush and sharp splinters can cause serious injury to the animal stomach and digestive organs. Do not let the dog a lot of milk, it can also lead to digestive disorders. If you feed your dog dry food - sure to let a lot of water.

Above all, in the preparation of the diet for a dog to go beyond just reading specialized books and articles, watch out for your pet: it is very often what is right for one animal may be contraindicated for another. With proper diet your pet will be energetic, cheerful and moderately well fed. If the dog is too thin or plump, sluggish and inactive, you need to revise its diet.

Why children are afraid of dogs

Children of preschool and primary school age often are afraid of dogs, both small and large. Some fear this fall into a state of hysteria, the other trying not to show those around her fear, and just ignore the dogs side. No persuasions, that "good dog, does not bite" does not help. What is the cause of such a panic fear of dogs?

Rather, every fear there is a history. After all, children are born without any fear. But in the process of growing children accumulate experience. And not always successful. It often happens that a child who previously has not communicated closely with the dogs, going through this stress, met for the first time with the dog suddenly. For example, during the game on a walk children to them to run up a big dog barking. Particular fear in young children caused Rottweiler, Shepherd, Bull Terrier. They look these rocks are quite daunting, especially with open mouth. Such stress for a long time remains in memory.

Child at the exhibition sobakDrugoy cause of children's fears of a dog, we become adults. You can often see this picture. Kid fearlessly approaches the dog wants to stroke her and immediately hear a hysterical cry of a mother or grandmother: "Now come away, it can bite you!" Feeling the fear of an adult, a child becomes infected with it willy-nilly. Of course, it is necessary to explain to the children of everyday safety rules, but in any case not to intimidate. Calmly explain to children what a stranger stroking a dog can only ask for permission from the owner. By the way, not all owners of dogs like it. Explain to children that the virulence of the dog does not depend on its size. Read children's books and see movies about dogs, where dogs help people. Often children are scared when the dog starts to sniff at. Explain that there is nothing wrong, just a dog so familiar. And in any case does not make fun of children, if they are afraid of dogs.

Another mistake made by parents. Often, to soothe a crying baby with fear, they begin to lisp with the child and promised to punish the bad dog. That's really, really, a disservice. After these words, hostility and fear only intensify.

What to do, in fact, any phobia hinder the development of the child. If you really want to save the child from the panic at the sight of dogs, we recommend to look like him at dog shows, or bird market. As a rule, puppies of any breed of dogs are very funny and sweet. Perhaps this will cause a little ridiculous in children positive emotions and fear of dogs back down.

Start of specialization

In the Middle Ages dogs were kept in monasteries as an escort, they may have helped smooth over the monks loneliness. Thus, in the Abbey of St.. Hubert in the Belgian Ardennes was launched Blood Hound. Also, according to reliable sources, the German monks, who needed a dog that can protect the monastery from the attacks, brought a German shepherd.

It was during this period began specialization of hunting dogs. Pointers and setters used to search for prey, a dog with a good scent shoo deer Greyhounds used to prosecute mining; Molossian dogs accompanied the hunters on the buffalo and bear. Small dogs, which called beaver, at this time also began to be used for burrowing hunt fox and hare. Thus, the first terriers.

Following the example of the Great Khan's Mongols, who, according to Marco Polo, took to hunt a pack of five thousand, European nobles had a thousand to fifteen hundred hunting dogs.

Soldiers Queen Elizabeth I in suppressing the Irish rebels helped at least eight dogs, and Spanish conquistadors during their conquest of America were accompanied by large dogs, dressed in armor.

In the civil, military and sporting life of the dog began to play a big role. Already there were treatises on the care of a dog, which was recommended to keep a dog in heat, if they returned tired from the hunt, every day of their comb, to keep clean their bowls, commented on the nutrition of dogs and how the sea water to cure a dog from eczema .

In the Middle Ages, veterinary science has been very approximate. At the same time, dogs were used for the treatment of human diseases. Thus, it was thought that the blood of a white dog can cure madness, and black - helps with the heavy labor. The first knowledge of veterinary medicine and surgery in Europe come from Arab countries.

FROM ANCIENT ROME TO THE MIDDLE AGES

Since ancient times, dogs used in war. Thus, the Romans were connected and fighting dogs. For defense and attack dogs were used Molossian with strong canines. They wore neck collars with metal sticking out in all directions blades. At the sight of these dogs are often the enemy fled, without even joining the fight. But worst of all had so-called messenger dogs. Military orders were placed in a small copper cylinder, which swallowed a dog. When she arrived to destination, often had no time to wait until the cylinder will come naturally, so the unsuspecting courier had to kill.

In the first decades after the fall of the Roman Empire during the invasion of the barbarians have forgotten about the dogs, and they returned to the original state. Cities and villages began to scour the ferocious pack of hungry dogs that accompanied the conquerors.

However, in the Middle Ages, dogs, unlike cats, no one accused of witchcraft and the relationship with the devil. However, in this period, they inspire people to disgust. Perhaps, that's when there are such expressions as "tired as a dog, a dog's life", "son of a bitch" and "dog dog's death."

Yet in the Middle Ages dogs were left at the service of man through hunting. When it was hunger, the man to at least some variety to their table, nothing to do but to hunt. And the rich and poor, armed with bows, crossbows, spears, all sorts of knives, as well as networks and traps, began to hunt.

The more people engaged in hunting, the more I realized that he needs assistant - a dog that can hunt in the dense forests and swamps, which so much was at that time. During this period in England is a good hunting dog was valued as a slave.

First description of dogs

Everywhere, in order to survive, had to hunt or it was necessary to protect themselves from uninvited guests, a man used dogs, constantly improving and creating new species and providing them with proper nutrition.

Even before the classical period the Greeks were wolf similar and Egyptian dogs, as well as the Persian Molossian dogs. Greek philosopher and zoologist Aristotle mentioned in his writings existed when it dogs, dividing them into the rock under the name of places where they occurred. Thanks to him, we know that in 300 BC. e. already existed a dog from India, Egypt and Epirus (northwest Greece). However, the author has not left us more or less accurate descriptions, so we can not imagine how they looked.

Hunting dogs also highly valued in ancient Rome. Ovid wrote about how to make sure that the bitch will be good puppies. A writer Varro gave the first advice to a beginning dog. In particular, he wrote that he does not trust the dogs eat the leftovers. He believed that from this they get used to the taste of blood and then can attack live animals. Grek an Oppie, author of "Kinegetika" ( "Hunting"), he was engaged in breeding dogs, small size, which in his opinion, is better suited for hunting in the woods.

Thus, one could argue that for two thousand years ago there was interest in people, and perhaps even love for dogs. In Pompeii, the houses hung signs with the inscription "Cave Canem" ( "beware of dog"), which proves that here was taken to keep the guard dogs. Typically, the use of fierce dogs Molossian enormous size and with frightening teeth. During the day they sat on the chain, the night they were released, and they ran through the territory belonging to the owner. It was fashionable to keep the ferocious animals in the house or garden.

Cooperation with the humanity

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Men and wolves have found a common language so quickly, because both of those and other acts the same social structure and in general the overall mental organization. The wolves live in pairs, but during the hunt the entire flock is going under the leadership of the leader. Their responsibilities are strictly divided: one wolf out on the trail, another partition off the road for future production, and the most courageous attack. When the attack on the duty of a herd of wolves - to cut off future production from other animals in the herd. The leader eats first. The rest of the pack may begin only after the meal, as it is satiated. 

Perhaps the people who lived more or less settled communities, threw the bones and remains of food the hungry wolves, scoured around the settlement. Gradually wolves understood that a person has a perfect weapon: stone tools, arrows and traps. They felt his superiority as a hunter and began to perceive man as a leader, at a distance of accompanying him on hunting and returned with him to the village to get their share of production.

We can assume that over time people began to domesticate a wolf pups, resulting in a few generations there were wolves, who participated in the hunt is not as observers, as well as assistants, vspugivaya and cutting off the gazelles or antelopes.

To tame the horse, deer or an elephant, a person must first have their catch, put in a cage and crush their will by force. The dog also became the only animal, which obeys the power of man without resistance. It was a friendship of equals, based on mutual interest - hunting.

In some remote villages in Paraguay and Peru are still puppies, lost their mother breast-fed women. Such cases are likely to have occurred in early human exposure to a dog that could play a significant role in strengthening their friendship.

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